SEPT-OCT'92 VOLlO-5

BIG FALL 1992 ISSUE TORONTO TIMEX-SINCLAIR USERS CLUB

EPT-OCT'92 VOLlO-5

SINC-LINK IS A PUBLICATION OF THE TORONTO TIMEX-SINCLfiilR USERS CLUB AND IS ISSUED 6 TIMES A YEAR, CLUB MEMBERS RECEIVE FREE COPIES AS PART OF THE $20.00 ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEE.

NEWSLETTERS ARE EXCHANGED, FREE OF CHARGE, MITH OTHER TIMEX-SINCLAIR USERS GROUPS.

PLEASE CREDIT THIS PUBLICATION AND THE AUTHOR IF YOU COPY MATERIAL.

THE CLUB MEETS ON THE FIRST WEDNESDAY OF EACH MONTH AT FOREST HILLS COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, 730 EGLINTON AVE. M, , TORONTO.

SINC-LINK IS PRODUCED ENTIRELY ON SINCLAIR AND TIMEX-SINCLAIR COMPUTERS.

SEND CORRESPONDANCE TO:

Attentions SINC-LINK EDITOR TORONTO TIMEX-SINCLAIR USERS CLUB, 14 RICHOME COURT,

SCARBOROUGH, ONTARIO, CANADA MIK 2YI

TORONTO TIf1E)<-SINCLflIR USERS CLUB

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS:

PRESIDENT TREASURER SECRETARY ACTIVITIES: QL CONTACT: NEWSLETTER: LIAISON OFFICER: ( Out-of-town members

(Area Code 416) RENE BRUNEAU ( 531-9749 ) BILL LAWSON ( 444-8772 ) GEORGE CHAMBERS ( 751-7559 ) LOUIS LAFERRIERE ( 820-3725 ) HUGH HOWIE ( 634-4929 ) JEFF TAYLOR ( 244-8583 ) GEORGE CHAMBERS, 14 RICHOME COURT, SCARBOROUGH, ONTARIO, MIK 2Y1 ( 416-751-7559 )

TORONTO TIMEX-SINCLAIR USERS CLUB

SINC-LINK

Editorial

Well, a few things have happened in the club recently. If you check the blurb inside the cover, you will see that the newsletter-only subscription and the single issue price have been removed. These two features were holdovers from the days when the newsletter consisted of six or seven double-sided pages. Anyway, it simply was not economically feasible to continue to offer these options and while we are not out to make money, we certainly aren't out to lose it. So, for your $20.00 you get six issues of Sine-Link, access to our extensive Larken and QL disk libraries, our 2068 and ZX-81 tape libraries, the book library and our huge exchange-newsletter compilation. Not a bad deal, we think.

The QLers are going to get a special interest group (SIG) . We have found that we simply cannot cover all the bases during our club meetings so the QLers will be meeting at a time and location to be determined. Initially these SIG meetings will take place at Hugh Howie's home in Burlington. Hugh will continue to look after the QLers' interests and of course, Sine-Link will continue to be their newsletter.

For those of you readers with the SMUG digitizer, I have finally produced a review of Robert Shade's adaptation of John McMichael ' s VIDEOTEX program. About time, eh?

The cover photo was produced on the 2068 using The Print Factory. It started out as an IBM GIF, was converted to a WordPerfect graphic, transferred to the 2068, converted to PF format then printed on my nine pin Star. Aren't graphics neat? That ' s it for now. . .

J.T.

Help - ALIENS!

Does anyone have the 48K Spectrum program ALIENS! This is the adaptation of the second movie in the ALIENS trilogy. Anyway, I have managed to get the Ripley character to the Queen's room (see screens ) and even shot the beastie but all that happens is that I am returned to the start room. Back issues of various UK magazines allude to different levels, elevators and even other crew members, but I have yet to find any of these features. I have scoured the instructions but cannot find any new info, even though the box screens shows a room number 2121 (for only about 270 rooms?). Any tips would be greatly appreciated. Please contact me via the club. Thanks in advance. Jeff Taylor

Now what happens?

SINC-LINK

A PROGRAMMING EXERCISE by G.Chambers

Recently one of our members, Robert Shade, sent me a suite of disks. These disks had a menu routine which I thought was interesting. I could nov resist re^working parts of it. It became an interesting programming exercise, which I thought I would share with other club members.

We tend to assume that everyone knows how to program, forgetting that there are many who may not be adept at it. I hope that this description may be useful to these members.

The listing is below, and following it are comments on the intent of each program line.

DISK MENU

REM

GO TO 5 CLEAR 26000 1 INK Oi CLS I GO TO 10 PRINT USR 64300 1

BORDER Oi PAPE RANDOMIZE USR

PRINT CHR$

R Oi 102 1

- k 2

10 CLEAR 653661 PRINT USR lOOi OPEN #4,'«dd" 20 LET X=7i DIM C$(X.9) 30 DATA " HELP! HELP! HELP!

kO DATA -LORDS OF CHA0S-,"L0RD CH . C 1 % " SAMURAI " , " S AMURI . C 1", BL ACK LAMP","BKLAMP.C1'*,"DAN DARE II" , -DANDAR . CI - , -RED DOOR- , -RDLO AD. Bl - , "CHUBBY GRISTLE - , ''CHUBBY. CI"

50 DATA " "

60 DATA - "

80 POKE 23658,8

90 PRINT #4i POKE 8200,163501 RANDOMIZE USR 233IO

100 BORDER li PAPER li INK 61 C LS

110 PRINT AT 1.4 1 INVERSE 1 1 "

";AT 2,4|" SPECTRUM GAMES DISK "jAT 3,4

ll "1 INV

ERSE 0

120 RESTORE 3O1 PRINT AT 5,0t F OR N=l TO X» READ D$i PRINT TAB 2; PAPER 3i INK 7; - jNj , PAP ER 1,TAB 7i PAPER (1 AND NOl) + ( 7 AND N=l), INK (6 AND Ns>l)-».(2 AND N=1)|D$| INK 5l('* GAME" AND N^>1 AND N^>3 AND N^>6} + ('' DEMO"

AND N=3)+(" ADVENTURE" AND N=6) I PRINT

130 READ C$(N)

140 NEXT N

150 PRINT AT 21,8; PAPER 0| INK 6f" SELECT BY NUMBER " 160 PAUSE Ot LET JUMP=CODE INKE Y$rT48i IF JUMP>X THEN GO TO I60

170 IF JUMP=1 THEN GO TO 3OOO 180 IF JUMP=2 OR JUMP«6 THEN P RINT #4 1 LOAD C$( JUMP) CODE

190 GO SUB 200 I RANDOMIZE USR 1 OOi LOAD C$(JUMP)CODE

200 BORDER Oi PAPER Oi INK Oi C LS

210 PRINT #4: LOAD ("SAMSCl.Cl" AND JUMP=3) + C*BLPSCleCl" AND JU MP=4)+("DANSC1.C1" AND JUMP=5)+( ••CHUBSC.Cl" AND JUMP=7) SCREENS t PAUSE 300

220 IF JUMP=3 THEN PRINT #4t L OAD C$( JUMP) SCREENS t PAUSE 300

230 RETURN 3000 GO SUB 5000

3010 RANDOMIZE USR 100 1 PRINT "h

elp07.CT"i PRINT CHR$ 2i PRINT '

"End of File... Press key for men u"

3020 PAUSE Oi go to 1 5000 INK Oi paper 7t BORDER 7i C LS

5010 IF PEEK 60900^>124 THEN RA NDOMIZE USR 100 1 LOAD "taswi.Cs" CODE

5020 RANDOMIZE USR 60826 1 RANDOM IZE USR 60899» RANDOMIZE USR 643 00 1 PRINT CHR$ 3 1 RETURN 8000 INK Oi PAPER 7» BORDER 7i C LS I LIST I STOP Jf9000 CLEAR 27000 1 RESTORE 9030 1 -^1 FOR n=23300 TO 23309 • 9010 READ ai POKE n,a 9020 NEXT n

9030 DATA 205.102,0,62,3.211.244 ,201.0,0

9040 RANDOMIZE USR 2 3300 9050 RUN

9994 STOP

9995 RANDOMIZE USR 100 i SAVE "ME NU.Bl" LINE 10

9996 STOP

SINC-LINK

A PROGRAiVIMING EXERCISE a DISK MENU Program description

LINE 3 3 This is the line used to save the program as a SPECTRUM AUTOSTART. That is to say, you must have a Spectrum ROM manually switched in when you want to use this AUTOSTART menu. If you want to use the Spectrum EPROM mounted on the Larken cartridge you would use Line 9000.

The CLEAR 26000 is used to ensure that the AUTOSTART file is less than one Larken disk track in length (509O bytes). The SAVE starts at memory address 22490, and continues to the address 26000. We could have used a Clear 27500 (27500^22490=5010), if we had needed more room for the menu program, and still use only one track.

LINE 4 r? We jump skip over Line k since this entry is needed only after the HELP file has been called up. If we do a USR call to 6^300 without the "taswi.Cs" code in place the computer will crash. See Line 50IO description) .

We clear the screen before saving the file, simply for neatness. RAND USR 102 is the Larken AUTOSTART SAVE command.

LINE 10 n Clears the computer memory to just below the User^defined graphics area of memory. Also opens the TS2068 Channel 4 to the abbreviated Larken disk command "PRINT used instead of "PRINT USR

100:

LINE 20 :j Sets variable "X" to the number of options to appear on the screen. Also dimensions the C$ array. The C$ array is used to hold the Larkenized program names held in the data statements of Lines 30 to 60.

LINE 30 n We have put the HELP option in a separate LINE. Line 120 could be simplified if you wish to use imbedded colour codes in this -HELP" data. Note there are two pieces of data in this line; the second being simply a space. The "space" data is stored in the first entry of the C$ array. We don't actually make use of it; it is needed to regularize the menu display. Delete this "space" data, and you will see what I mean.

LINE 40 n This data line and Lines 50 and 60 are used to hold two sets of data. First the program name which is to appear on the menu screen, followed by it's Larkenized loading name.

LINE 80 n Ensures we are in the "Caps" mode.

LINE 90 Ts This line boots some code stored at 233IO into the Larken RAMj and sets a Larken pointer toward it. This code needs to be loaded into memory before either RUNning or doing an NMI^Save . Otherwise the program will crash. See the article entitled TS2068nLarken NMI^key, in the Jan/Feb'92 Issue of Sinc-jLink for a full description.

LINES 120/140 ^ This FOR NEXT loop gets the program names on the screen and the corresponding Larken load names into the C$ array. The Line 120 IS somewhat convoluted. There are two things of interest. First, we differentiate between the paper/ink colours used in Line 1 and the remaining lines. This is done by the portion of the line which reads as follows I

...PAPER (1 AND N^>l)+(7 AND N=l); INK (6 AND N^>l)+(2 AND N=l) . . .T.,.JSmJ?r,S^^°'^^'''^ define the game description on each screen as GAME, ADVENTURE, or DEMO. This uses the same programming technique as above. The pertinent segment is as follows.

SINC-LINK

...(" GAME" AND N^>1 AND N^>3 AND N^>6)+(- DEMO" AND N=3)+(« ADVENTURE" AND N~6 ^ « » «

LINE 160 c The "PAUSE 0" holds the program at this point until a kev is pressed. We use the variable "JUMP" to hold the code of the key that is pressed. We subtract 48 from JUMP so that it corresponds exactly to the key number on the keyboard, which will be between 1 and 7 (since "x" 1«5 7). If JUMP is greater than 7 then the line loops. ^« a is

LINE 170 If menu option 1 is selected (HELP), then we go to LINE

we^wLi^L"io«r««H H^LP""^^ programs in this menu have a SCREEN which ZtrZ t 5f ^2 display for a few seconds before loading the program

proper. However, there Is no SCREEN$ file for the program options 1 and 6 so we proceed to load them immediately. f & ^ upu^ons i ana

LINE 190 If we selected options other than 1 or 6 this linf^ i^^^ irS.*° *° ^ re?SrniS to iSad tL ^

LINE 210 3 In this Line we load one of several screen options.

-tSSS-^"^ "!? r^^"'' °^ variable "JUMP". Remember, the v4lue of "JUMP" was determined by our menu selection in Line 16o!

to^display? °^ P^*'srams (menu item 3) has a second SCREEN$

LINE 230 5 Returns to Line I90, to finish loading the game program. "tiswi??s".' ^""^ **** "P*^""- *" 5000 to load

^?!nr&^%^2^°s't'r ' •

Print CHR$ 2 causes the computer to revert to the 32 ohr$:,per,line

LINE 5010 n taswi.Cs contains two other SDectri.m m/r. r-^,,*!^ „ provide the same ON ERR GOTO routine avaiiaUe in ?he "2068 * . A check is made of address 60900 to see whether th/^nn^ L =1 in place, to avoid unnecessary reloading! "^^^^^"^ =°<i^ already

LINE 5020 r, Three USR calls are made to the taswi Cs cori^ +.0 *

LINE 9000 T This is a m/c routine which is >„H*-»>^i use this program as an AUTOSTART wlt^w ^C f "hen you wish to

cartridge. The m/c d^a in Line 9030 is L^^r^'^i?" ^™ °" ^^^ken call is made to it. The code f ir-,^ ^^t^^i"*" ""^""ry. then a USR

the program is called up ?ater lL ?ema?i?/r^«f^r bankswitching routine d rrV?S^^?^IS68°^R^S%r^L%°;e%trum

SINC-LINK

Dsinq ALTREY to create "macros" in QDILL copyright- - Howard j. ciase. pa,g<L ?

This is an updated version of an article that originally appeared in QL World.

Using the ALTKEY cxMnmand to create "macros" in Quill,

As I indicated in an earlier column, if you have Super Toolkit II and a bit of extra memory the ALTKEY function can be used to save a lot of repetitive key pressing for routine operations while using the Psion programs - it's particularly useful with Quill. "Strings" of characters can be assigned to particular <ALT & key> combinations during your boot and these remain available until they are redefined or the machine is switched off. Some "Front End" programs like Taskmaster or Qram use similar combinations for other purposes, so you may have to change some of my suggestions, but there are plenty of others available since pretty well any key combination that prints a character can be used, this includes the CTRL and CTRL & SHIFT combinations that generate the funny foreign characters - although you may need a third hand to manage some of the combinations and ALT at the same time.

(Remember, you have to be holding down the "modifier" keys before you press the main letter key.) You can even assign some of the combinations that do not generate a screen character.

One pair you must avoid is <CTRL & 7>, since, adding ALT to this combination freezes the machine completely, and a complete reset is required - even Minerva's soft reset is frozen.

The best way to assign your keys is to set up a special SuperBasic procedure that is called in the boot. Listing 1 shows a skeletal form for such a . procedure, you should be able to flesh it out to suit your own needs. Some of the keys you have to press in Quill do not correspond to printable chau^acters, but this does not mean they do not generate codes like the letter keys, it's just that they are intercepted as control codes by the operating system and never reach the screen driver. ALTKEY inserts codes into the keyboard buffer just as though they had been typed in, so you can still use

SINC

CHR$() to put these codes into an ALTKEY definition, and, even better, you can assign them to strings just like printable characters. The only keys that do not generate codes in this way are the "modifier" keys SHIFT, CTRL, & ALT which are used in combination with other keys and modify their values. CAPS LOCK is also treated differently, although it does generate a code (225).

I like to assign the special codes for the function and arrow keys to short string variables with meaningful names at the start of the procedure. This avoids having to use the relatively meaningless CHR$() form during the body of the ALTKEY assignments; I find f3$ much easier to remember than CHR$(240) for example. (In case you didn't see my earlier article, you can find the code generated by one of the "special" keys or combinations using a mini basic program that you can type in directly as a command:

rep k: print code(inkey$(-1)),

This will print the code corresponding to any key or combination (even <ALT & key>) until your press <CTRL & space> or look them up in the manual.) If you want to assign combinations of keys that do not correspond to a screen character, e.g. <SHIFT + ENTER>, you must use the form "ALTKEY CHR$(254)". Most of them can be incorporated into your string with full effect, and this is the power of the method since even the non printing keys like <F3>, <up arrow> etc can be included in your assignment. If the ALTKEY assignment includes more than one string separated by commas an <ENTER> (= CHR$(10), also known as "line feed") is inserted between each string, and you can use this instead of lf$ if you like (see line 150). If you analyse the lines in the Listing you will see that the string can be normal characters in quotes, e.g. "laddress", a string variable e.g. F3$, or a function returning a string - FILL$() is the most useful here since it enables mimicing of repetive keystrokes (lines 165 & 185). These can be linked together with &s to make up a longer string.

To create an ALTKEY definition you

LINK

Usinq ALIREY to create "macros" in QUILL

should load Quill, work out how to do what you want to do from the keyboard, and then write down the exact sequence of key strokes required (including <ENTER>s.) You then have to

construct a string that duplicates them exactly. i will go through the effect of those in the listing line by line but leave the reader to analyse them to work out how they work. Since there is often confusion in listings between the numeral 1 and the letter 1 I should point out that they are all letter Is, except where obviously part of a number.

110 - 130 Assign values to string variables for use later in the PROCedure.

(127 You will have to either have a real time clock, or have set the clock if this is to be of use.)

135 <ALT & a> loads a file called "address_doc" from the default device. To my mind this is the answer to those who, like Reg Gilbert of Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, write in asking for a way to modify Quill to change the default margin and justification settings.

Whatever you do there will be only one default set available. But you can save as many blank files set up for different purposes as you like, and it only takes a moment to load them if you set them up on different ALTKEYs. In my case "address_doc" contains my standard letterhead, and footer set to "none"!

140 <ALT & b> Selects/ deselects the bold typeface; the other typefaces and "paint" can be set up similarly. You may not think this worthwhile since all it does is to replace two consecutive keystrokes with two simultaneous ones, but I find it avoids confusion between F3 and F4.

145 & 195 <ALT & B>, <ALT & 2> etc. Move the cursor to the bottom of the text, or a specific page number.

150 <ALT & d> goes straight to the "Delete" option in "Files" and lists

the files on the default device on the screen.

152 <ALT & D> Inserts the current date in the form e.g. "1992 Jun 13" at the right hand end of an empty row.

155 <ALT & E> threatens to delete from the cursor to the end of the paragraph. It requires one more <ENTER> to complete this irrevocable operation; press <ESC> if you have got there in error! One other problem is that after using Erase (or Copy) the program may freeze on repeated use of <up arrow >. Save and re-load to avoid this - this is made easy by the next macros (slightly out of order):

175 <ALT & s> inserts a Yen sign at the cursor position and then saves the current document under the name "current_doc" on your default device. It then uses the search routine defined at line 130 to find the Yen sign, delete it and put the cursor back exactly where it was when you started. It assumes that there is already a file called current_doc and overwrites it; if there isn't then it will also add a "y" right at the beginning of your document. Remember to save under a distinctive name before you log off. If you are an international financier and use of the Yen sign proves an em harassment then it can be replaced with any character (or characters) of your choice.

160 <ALT & £> re-loads the file called "current_doc" and then searches out the Yen sign as above. I chose the £ sign for this since it is out of the way and difficult to strike by accident - the active file in Quill is overwritten by this one!

165 <ALT & m> moves the left margin five places to the right and the right margin ten places to the left. You could use this idea to re-set the default margins, justification etc., but it is only relative to the current settings and I think that

SINC-LINK

nsinq ALTREY to create "macros" in QUILL

the solution under <ALT & a> above is better.

170 <ALT & P> print:s the current document, whole, to printer.

180 <ALT & S> like <ALT & s> but doesn't change the name. N.B the Yen sign will be present in the saved file.

185 <ALT & Y> prints "Yours sincerely" and your name in the appropriate places, leaving 6 lines for a signature.

190 <ALT & ?> lists the files on the default device on the screen and waits for a file name to load. Press <ESC> to get out of it.

If you have worked through all these then you should now be able to design a set to suit your own needs, incidentally these macros are much quicker if you have pressed <F2> to remove the instruction panel from the top of the screen, otherwise you have to wait while it needlessly print:s out all its messages. To print the Yen sign press <CTRL & SHIFT & .(full stop)>.

Some extra odds and ends - special to SinkLink

In the last issue of SinkLink a reader has sent in a procedure called Windex to restore the windows after running one of those all too common programs which do not tidy up the windows properly on exiting. This is an

obvious candidate for an ALTKEY command, but it needs to be put into one line form. Of course, if you have ALTKEY you will also have WMON, which does it in a single command; except that it doesn't reset the INK and PAPER colours. The assignment at line 310 in the listings will restore the monitor windows, although not with the Sinclair boot up colours - I find PAPER 6 too bright anyway. Although it occupies several lines on paper, it should be typed in as one long superBASIC line.

But, I don't particularly Sinclair monitor default

like the windows

anyway, my favorite set - the ones you get when you exit most of my programs is much more like the TV defaults, with a full width WIND0W#1 and a 50 character wide WIND0W#2 - that's because 50 charact:ers is what I use as a maximum line length for listings for publications. This is given in line 330.

Don't type this in at your keyboard every time, include it in your boot. One reason that it was difficult to obtain the default colours is that, as you will see, I am fascinated with Boolean algebra and used it to differentiate between the various channels in a long FOR loop. (This one also OPENs the channels first - QDOS doesn't mind if you do this tx> an already OPEN channel.)

If you ever need to edit an ALTKEY expression, especially a long one like these do it this way: type ALTKEY'x',' and then press the old ALTKEY combination, which will appear after the quote, edit as r quired and don't forget to add the final quote! This saves a lot of typing.

Another use you may not have thought of is to store a number, I sometimes want to remember a memory address until after I have LOADed another program, which would wiped it out if I assigned it to a variable, so i put it onto an ALTKEY where it's available until I either switch off the machine, or reassign that key. Finally don't forget the punctuation and foreign character keys <CTRL & SHIFT & key>, all of these and even some of the non-printing combinations can be assigned different strings giving about 120 in all - if you can remember where they all are!

Howard Clase, Box 9947, Station B, St John's, Newfoundland, CANADA, A1A 4L4.

Tel: (709) 752-6415

e-mail: hclase@morgan.ucs.mun.ca

SINC-LINK

Osinq ALTREY to create "macros" in QDILL copyriaht - Howard j. ciase, page 4

AIL-ti^^y L d_ s iz. i in ^ s

If 70U have Toolkit II flesh this out to suit your needs, add it to the end of your Quill boot and include a call to "Altkeys" somewhere before Quill is EXEC_Wed.

100 REMark

105 DEFine PROCedure Altkeys

110 f2$=CHR$(236) : f 3$=CHR$ ( 240 ) ^ f 4$=CHR$( 244 )

115 la$=CHR$(192) : ra$=CHR$ ( 200 ) : REMark arrows

120 up$=CHR$(208): shdn$=CHR$( 220 ) : del$=CHR$( 202 )

125 lf$=CHR$(10) : tab$=CHR$(9)

127 dt$=DATE$: dt$=:dt$(l TO 11)

130 search$=f3$&f3$&'s¥'&lf$&lf$&del$

135 ALTKEY'a* ,f3$&'laddress'&lf$

140 ALTKEY'b' ,f4$&'b'

145 ALTKEY'B' ,f 3$&'gb'

150 ALTKEY'd' ,f3$&f 3$&'fd?' , "

152 ALTKEY'D' ,FILL$(tab$, 5)&dt$

155 ALTKEY'E' , f 3$&' e ' &;lf $&shdn$&lf $

160 ALTKEY'£* , f SS&Ucurrent '&lf $&search$

165 ALTKEY'm' , f 3$&' ml ' &FILL$(ra$, 5 )&' r '

&FILL$(la$,10)&lf$ 170 ALTKEY'P' , f 3$&' p'&lf $&lf $&lf $

175 ALTKEY's' , ' ¥'&f 3$&' sf lpl_current_doc' , ' ' , 'yy' &search$

180 ALTKEY'S' , '¥'&f 3$&' s' \ 'yy'&search$

185 ALTKEY'Y' , If $&FILL$(tab$, 2)&' Yours sincerely,'

&FILL$( If $ , 6 )&FILL$ ( tab$ , 4 )&' Your Name ' 190 ALTKEY'?' ,f3$&'l?'&lf$

195 ALTKEY'2' ,f3$&'g2'&lf$: ALTKEY' 3 ' , f 3$&' g3 ' &lf $ 200 END DEFine

These two ALTKEY assigments will "restore" useful windows for monitors; put them into your SuperBASIC boot

300 REMark <ALT & W> for Sinclair default sizes.

310 ALTKEY' W , 'window 512 , 256 , 0 , 0 : els : f or i=0,2,l: j=not i:window4*i,512-256*(i<>0) ,202-152*0, 256*(i = l), 206*j:borderiii,not j,0,6: inki*i , 7-3*i : paperi^i , ( i + le-10 ) ^i + j : csizeiti ,0,0: cls*fi' , ' '

320 REMark <ALT & w> for Clase preferred sizes.

330 ALTKEY ' w' , 'openitl,con_: open#2,con_: window 512, 256,0,0:cls:for i=0 , 2 , 1 : j=not i: window#i, 512-208*(i=2) , 202-152* j , 0 , 206* j : border#i,not j , 0 , 6 : ink#i , 7-3*i : paperi^i, ( i + le-10 ) ''i + j : csizeiti , 0 , 0 : clsl^i ' , ' '

SINC-LINK

ZXS 1 RESOURCES

Rene Bruneau 17 August 1992

6 4k: of»grade

I have revised the 64k SRAM board to provide non-volatile memory above 32K, A revised component list, printed circuit, and layout are provided on the next page. If you have code or data above 32k that is to be protected, you should enable WRITE PROTECT before you turn the computer off. Turn off the write protect to modify data or run machine code that uses this area to store data. By the nature of the board design, the 8-16k block is also non- volatile, but is not protected from erasure or scrambling that could occur when the computer is turned on or off, or crashes.

WlrL& iTG Do O 1 ci ZXS 1 I^ir^o^irsLmme ir^s Go*?

Having been introduced to computing through the ZX81,2068 or the QL, many users are 'upgrading' to the XT, or more likely, the 386 AT, selling off or putting their old systems in storage. I have no doubt that most users retain a lot of affection for their old computers. Over the last year or so, I have seen a number of Sinclair Emulators appear on the bulletin boards for Amigas and IBM clones, written by ex-Sinclair users, of course. Most recently, I downloaded an emulator for the ZX81 called Xtender, written by an old ZX81 programmer by the name of Carlo Delhaz. For those who remember, Mr. Delhaz published several programs in the magazine *Your Computer' around 1983-1984. The program will run on an XT, but a faster machine is preferred. The emulator is quite impressive, in that the display and keyboard work exactly like the ZX81. A suite of programs is included in the package. An added bonus is a complete DOS to access directories and files on the resident computer. For those who are interested in getting a registered copy of Xtender can write to:

Carlo Delhez Emmastraat 3 4651 BV Steenbergen Netherlands

Enclose 50 Guilders (about $38.00 Can) and be sure to ask for documentation for the ZX81 programs that come with the emulator.

I NS I GUT

Many people, myself included, tend to view computers, VCR's and other electronic apparatus as black boxes. You turn them on, push some keys and they do what you want them to do. .. .sometimes. Once in a while you see something that gives you an insight into the inner workings of the machine. Not long ago, I picked up Mike Lord's 'Exploring The ZX81' and was reading through the section on how the display was generated. In a nutshell, The ULA (Undefined Logic Array; this is the chip closest to the TV modulator on the computer board) chip forces the Z80 chip (the CPU) to stop processing by issuing a HALT command. Because the Z80 was originally designed to work with dynamic ram (DRAM), it has provisions to refresh the ram automatically regardless of the halted state. It does this by cycling through the memory addresses and issuing a REFRESH signal. The ULA utilizes this feature to access the display file and character set to generate the TV display. Absolutely Machiavellian! Having just completed the 64k SRAM board, I suddenly realized why the RFSH line was □Red with the RD line to the static ram. When Hi-Rez basic is in operation, the SRAM is activated every time that REFRESH or READ is activated. With the code written by Wilf Richter, the ULA reads the SRAM rather than the character set in the ROM giving a true high resolution display. It is a pity that SRAM was so costly when Sinclair's design team made the ZX81 in the early 1980' s, else we would have had Hi-Rez right from the beginning.

INSTANT RGB

In the past, we have spoken about a product called TEC-200, a mylar sheet that allows you to transfer a photocopy of a printed circuit to copper for etching. One difficulty in using the mylar is in getting a good transfer to the copper all the time. A new product that has just been • introduced promises to eliminate this. It is a specially treated paper that releases the photocopy when soaked in water. The transfer method is the same as with TEC- 200. Spraying the photocopy with lacquer gives you a transparent decal for face plates, keytops, etc. For $9.95 (US) plus $4.00 UPS you get 5 sheets of the paper. Write to DynaArt Designs, 3535 Stillmeadow Lane, Lancaster, CA 93536. Ask for Item TTS-5.

SING-LINK

G -4 K SRAM —

Co mpao rxe n. -fc 11* i s is

Item Component Comment

UlyU2 62256,43256 Static Ram

U3 74LSH5 Decoder

Ql 2N2222 NPN Transistor

Dl,2j3,4,5 1N4148 Signal Diode

Riy2f3,6;7, 2.2K i/4 watt resistor

R4>8 4.7k 1/4 watt resistor

Ci iOuF Tantalum Capacitor

SUIi,SW2 SPDT slide

SW3 SPST toggle

SW4 SPST toggle Momentary on

61 2 AA B^-Hevv. m^yr

64t>e

"~1	1
		. ^

I —

toff


TUL-f
w-t

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D-t- I

CI C3

Component Layout (Not to Scale)

PCB Layout (Not to scale)

SING-LINK

7 - 0

323^2 N. Church Street Bowling Green, OH 43402 July 19, 1992

Dear George,

Weil, I haven't heard anything from Bob recently. I had been hoping to hear from him in regard to the changes to the machine language from the Larken version of the format program to read and write 9 sectors (like IBM disks). As I said in the letter which was published in the last Sine-Link (the issue), the corresponding changes (or what I think is corresponding) work for the Larken/AERCO format code, but I don't have any way to check the changes for a Larken I/F. I can't really continue with my 2068 to IBM programs until I know if it will work on your system as well.

Speaking of which, could you do an LKDOS PEEK of address 0004 in your cartridge and tell you what you see? On mine, I get a 41 hex, 65 decimal, which is the ASCII code for the letter A I am hoping that is the identifier for the type of disk i/f, so that I could use it in a program to load the appropriate code. So if you get a 4C hex, 76 decimal, that m^ be what I am looking for.

On another matter, I think I will write another article on LKDOS user-defined commands. Last time I wrote about that, I didn't really supply much information in the article. (TTiat was last year, when I supplied the new version of Grafix24.)

As for what I might do as a simple project to use in that article, I was thinking of an un-£RASE program or something similar so that I can demonstrate using strings. Hiat is to s^, I mentioned in the article that CALL 009C(hex) is a routine to evaluate a string parameter, but never gave any sort of example of how to use it And of course there are lots of other routines I mentioned in the original listing back in 1989 that might deserve an explanation.

In fact, why don't I include the explanations with this letter first, and do the article next time. Hiat in itself should be enough material for this month anywayr. Presumably I will be getting the July issue in the mail soon - yes, in case you didn't know it, the newsletter always arrives here near the end of the given month. So you may be hearing from me again soon, if any articles in it need any comment If not, Fll wait until I hear about the format changes and the version (?) or it is time to write the user-defined command article. Bye for now.

Sincerely,

SINC-LINK

PP.Sc I fealized today (8/4) that I hadnt supplied sufficient details in the letter to Bob for you to actually try the changes — I gave the addresses but not the new values to test it with. Here aie the changes to Hcode.Cl wfaidi should be made to read and write MS-£X)S disks:

Address: Current: Change to:

9CE2 (40162) OB OA (10)

9CFB (40187) 14 12 (18)

9DD7 (40407) OB OA (10)

9EBE (40638) 14 12(18) ^

The easiest way to do this is probably the following: ^ ^ ^

10 PRINT #4: LOAD "Hcode.Cl "CODE ^

20 POKE 40162,10 ^ ^

30 POKE 40187,18 0'

40 POKE 40407,10 50 POKE 40638; 18

60 PRINT #4s SAVE "PCcode.Cl"CODE 40000,2000

At this point, the thing to do is find two disks in MS-DOS format (preferably one of them fonnattcd but blank) and the LKDOS FORMAT program. LOAD the FORMAT program into you 2068, then bceak into the program by pressing the cursor down (CAPS- 6) key. Now type PRINT U4: LOAD "PCoode.Cr CODE (or whatever name you used to save it up above). At this point, you should just be able to type RUN, select "Copy entire Disk" (by pressing 2), and f^xxeed to copy the disk with data to the blank disk.

If eveiything woiks as planned, the first thing you notice should be that there are no CRC errors during the copy. If you have set iq> tbs appropriate number of tracks, etc., you should now be able to take both disks to a PC and use them interchangeably. They should have the same files, the same directory, even the same serial number (if they were made with a version of DOS that uses a serial number). You should be able to TYPE any file on either disk, or run any program, or better yet simply DISKCOMP both disks, (a command to ccmpare disks) Sf the DISKCOMP does not say "Compare OK", let me know.

That's it for now. Write you later.

SINC-LINK

LKDOS Machine Laguage CALLs Explained

Several years ago (see the Sept '89 issue), I sent in a list of routines I had discovered by examining my LKDOS cartridge ROM (at that time, version A2). No real explanations were included, an unfortunate oversight on my part Last year at about this time, I wrote a new version of Grafix24 and Autoboot, and included some additional details on a few of the routines I had listed earlier.

Below is a table of the routines mentioned in that article with explanations. While I am working from LFCDOS for the AERCO disk i/f, most of these will be appropriate to any version of LKDOS. Any differences between different versions tiiat I am aware of will be mentioned in the descriptions.

One addition to the memory map from that article. Location 200F hex (8207 decimal) is a sequential file open flag. It is 0 if there is no file open, 40h (64) if there is a file open for reading (by PRINT #4: OPEN #n,"filename IN"), and 80h (128) if there is a file open for writing. Code which intends to access the disk using LKDOS ROM routines should test this byte to see if they can safely access the disk.

Routines accessible without the cartridge enabled: 0062h 98 This address is used by ml to access the cartridge. 0064 100 Hiis is one method to access LKDOS BASIC commands. 0066 102 the address used by any NML

006A 106 used by LKDOS channels except "dd". The calling channel is identified by the D register. Set D=0 to D=2 for LKDOS windows wO to w2, D=3 for "Ip", and I>=4 or D=5 for file OUT and IN respectively.

006C 108 used by LKDOS channel "dd" (as in PRINT #4)

006E 1 10 LKDOS PEEK command See LKDOS manual.

Other LKDOS routines:

0078h 120 write track. Copies data from 2070h-346ni to current drive and track. 007B 123 read track. Copies data from current drive and track to 2070h-346Fh. 007E 126 seek track. Enables the current drive and steps to the track number stored at 201Dh(8221).

0081 129 next track. Step to the next numbered track on disk. Note: on AERCO

cartridge, does not enable drive! 0084 132 Find name in directory. Expects name to be stored at 2022h. Generates

error T if can't read track, sets 2020h (8224) to OAh (10) if name is not

found in directory, otherwise sets 203 Ih to point to entry. 0087 135 Copy directory entry to 203Ah (8250). Presumes 203 Ih points to directory

entry, (see previous routine and 00A2) 008A 138 Pop string and check as valid filename. Reads value from BASIC, copies it

to 2022h, and checks for ".A", " B", or ".C" in string. Error F otherwise. 008D 141 Find BASIC tenninator. Adjusts machine language variable CH ADD to

point to the end of the current BASIC statement (: or ENTER). 0090 144 Evaluate imsigned integer. Reads value from BASIC, and converts it to an

integer in the BC register. Standard errors if too big or not a number. 0093 147 Error message: T File Not Found. Displays error message and quits.

SINC-LINK

0096 150 Test Write Protect Check to see if disk is write-protected Notes: on A2,

des1ro3n3 data in 2070h-346Fh by reading track 0. On A3, moves drive to

track 0 but does not read track. 0099 153 De-aliocate file and find fi-ee tracks. Removes tracks from current directory

entiy (as copied to 203Ah by routine 0087 above) and adds list of fi-ee

tracks at end of entry. Used for ERASE and before SAVE. 009C 156 Evaluate String. Evaluate BASIC value and copy it to 2022h (8226). Does

not check it as a filename. Error if not a string. 009F 159 Call a routine in Home ROM. Expects two addresses, HL to contain

address in 2068 ROM, DE corresponding address in Spectrum ROM. Tests

CHANS to determine which address to use. 00A2 162 Add name to directory. Expects you to have used 0084h and not found

name. Cr9at98 directory entry for name at 2022h, and sets 203 Ih to it Error

U if directory fiill.

00A5 165 Print number between 0-255. Alw^ prints leading O's. Expects number in A register at start

00A8 168 Allocate tracks and update directory. Expects new directory entry at 203 Ah with F5h for unused track and 203 5h to point to end of track list, pointer to old directory entry in 203 Ih. If (2002h>=O, quits, otherwise returns.

OOAB 171 Open stream as "dd". Expects stream number in 2030h (8240).

OOAE 174 Print error message. Expects HL set to text of message. Quits when done.

OOBl 177 Erase block header. Erase data fi-om 2070h-2087h (the track header info for the current track). Used before setting up header for new track.

00B4 180 Set up block header. Set up track header info (2070h-2087h) based on

LKDOS variables (201Dh=track, 2022h-202Ri=name&block start&block length, current line and VARS, and 2004h=total length).

00B7 183 Find a BASIC variable. Used by SAVE DATA to find an array. Expects appropriate single character in 203 7h (8247). Use ASCII code for lowercase letter to find simple variable, ASCII code +32 to find numeric arrray, ASCII code -32 for simple string, ASCII code +96 to find string array. See 2068 User's guide, Appendix C.

OOBA 186 Disable cartridge and turn off drive. Be carefiil whether to use this in ml or LD A,(0062h) if you don't need to turn off the drive.

OOBD 189 CALL MAKE_ROOM in Home ROM. Used to call appropriate 2068 or Spectrum routine to make space for BASIC line or variable. See 2068 Technical Manual for more details.

OOCO 192 CALL DELREC m Home ROM. Routine to delete BASIC line or vanable. See 2068 technical manual for more details.

00C3 195 Error Message: X Cat Data Error. Prints message and quits.

00C6 198 First part of LOAD. Used by start-up and autoboot with 2002h set to 1. Acts differently depending on 20021l

00C9 201 Second part of LOAD. Use this after 00C6h if 2002h is set to OBh.

OOCC 204 First part of SAVR Do not use with 2002h set to 1.

OOCF 207 Second part of SAVE. Use this after OOCCh if 2002h is set to OBh.

SINC-LINK

MY VISIT TO NESQLUG

Hugh H . Howie,

Jessie and I have just completed a seven-day round trip through New York, New Hampshire and Vermont, making an extended stop in New Hampshire where NESQLUG held their August meeting at the home of noted Archive programmer Bill Cable, where we were entertained by Bill and Mary and their son Rigel, not forgetting the dog Tess and the cow Isadore.

Bill is not only a QL programmer, but is also an accomplished carpenter and cabinet maker, so much so that he is building his own home. This home is of most unusual construction in that it is round. The lower level wall is two feet thick and made of natural stone. The second floor is completely surrounded by glass, as also is the top floor, the whole is topped off by a glass roof with a large dome on top, giving an un-interupted view of the heavens.

The second floor will be the sleeping area, with a wide walk-around on the toutside. in the centre of this floor will be a large coffee table which will also be of glass, this table will cover a large opening in the floor which will allow the light of the sky to penetrate to the lower level.

It is intended that the floors be connected by a spiral staircase, and as this will be of an open concept design, in conjunction with the glass roof, will provide still more light down the lower floor.

The whole structure gives the impression of the traditional concept of the flying saucer.

Most of the wood is from his own little forest, and is cut and shaped as he requires. Work on the house being done as and when he has time from his work in the area, where he is in constant demand for his expertise in cabinet work

Electric power is from his own Solar System, backed up by deisel generator, which is also used to power all his wood-working equipment.

Enough of this chat and back to the meeting which was well attended by the NESQLUG members, most of home had journeyed two or three hours to attend. This group is a very strong and dedicated collection of both genders and all ages. All very knowledgeable and enthusiastic about the QL. Some members arrived on the Friday evening, and some on Saturday, with still more visitors on the Sunday which was the official day of the meeting.

We had demonstrations each day, and plenty of gab all the time, everyone had something to show and tell. Many questions asked, and all answered.

The demonstrations were of graphics, programmes, utilities, and there were also three QL's connected in a Network. The text87plus4 word processor was demonstrated and also the speed of the Gold Card. There were a few oohs and ahs at the speed of both.

It is a few days since the meeting and I am still remembering things which occurred and pieces of information I gleaned, there was such an inter- change of information it is difficult to recall it all at once.

The Club meeting was the same as any other club meeting where the status

SINC-LINK

of the club and its future are discussed, with vigorous input from most attendees.

Friday evening we went as a group to a local Thai resteraunt where we had a most interesting meal. Other meals were primarily of the barbeque style, and as we all contributed something there was an abundance of supply and variety.

The weather was not of the best to the dismay of most of us. Friday was a day of rain, and cool. Saturday a slight improvement, but still dull. Sunday was quite a bit better, but as this was the big day, with most members in attendance, most of us did not see outside too much - we were all too busy operating equipment. Despite the dull weather and the three QL's in operation, Bill's Solar Panel System stood up to the strain of supplying the power.

Having now met many of members of NESQLUG, I am able to put faces to names and voices with which I have been acquainted for some time by paper and phone.

It is just a few weeks since we had a visit form some members of NESQLUG, and it is gratifying to know that this type of gathering can be accomplished. There should be more of this.

! would like to thank Bill and Mary for the hospitality, and also to thank all members of NESQLUG for the welcome which we received. A most interesting and entertaining trip which I will remember for many years. I would like to be able to repeat this visit at a future date, but distance makes it difficult to make this visit too often.

050892

Q L I P S

by Hugh H. Howie

I cannot remember whether or not I have used this previously. If I have then I apologise, if not then it will be a gentle reminder of the winter just past, and of the winter still to come. After all it is only XXX days till Christmas which is how my kids kids count the passage of time. "My birthday is next week and then it'll soon be Christmas" Then back to all those little pieces of paper stuck to your

mail, "Just a gentle reminder " or the

one after that, "Pay up or "

Anyway this is a little scene with a frozen lake, the moon high in the sky reflected on the ice, mountains on the horizon, and a tree in the foreground. The title across the top is "Shivering in the Wind" Never the same twice in a row.

It is on the GRAF_1 disk of our QL Library, under the title of:_

TREE HAS

50 RBlark by 1. Pr it chard 60 RIMark QL USIR 1985

100 PAPBR 5: PIPBR #2,5 : WIIDOW 512,256,0,0: MODS 8 110 III 7: PILL 1 : CIRCLE 80,60,10 : PILL 0: IMI #2,0

120 POR i=I TO 10: CIRCLE 80,2,i, .l,Pl/2:MBIT i 130 POR h=25 TO 12 STEP -1: d :iEXT h: IH 0: PILL 1 140 LIMB 0,-3 TO 28,40 TO 36,40: ARC TO 50,-3,Pl/2 150 PILL 0: tr 28,40,20,8: lil 3: AT 0,5: OTER 1 160 CSIZB 3,1: PRIBT •■Shiteriog in the wind"*;

170 csizE 2,0: PRirr "ap85";

180 BBFine PROCedure tr (i,y,l,b):LOCal i,f,g,bl

190 IP 1<2 TBEM RETurn

200 FOR i=l TO 4

210 bl=b/2: IP b/2>l THEFT PILL 1

220 f=i+(in-1.2*l-RIID(l))*1.2:g=j+RllD(l*2.3)-l/3

230 k=0: IP i=4 ARD 1=20 THEM k=3

240 LUB x,7 TO f,g TO f+bl-l,g

250 LIIE TO i+b-l,y-k TO x,y

260 FILL 0: tr f ,g,l/2,b/2:MBXT i: BID DBPine

270 DEPine PROCedure d : p=RirD(150)-30:g=RirD(160)

280 III 3: PILL 1: LIIB p,10 TO (p+g)/2,h TO g,10

290 PILL 0: in 7: LIIE (p+g)/2,h TO g,10:l!ri 3,5

300 FILL 1: LIIB p,10 TO (p+g)/2,10-(h-10)/3 TO g.lO

310 PILL 0:EffD DEPine

400 PADSB

(022092)

SINC-LINK

DISKS, CASSETTES, MODEMS, OLDER HOME COMPUTERS Some New Tips, Problems by Bill Harmer

Floppy disks used to be fairly expensive and both the disks and the disk drives employed with older computers in their heyday often were of poor quality, causing many unexpected problems for users, A lot of these older clunkier drives are still around, many original ones and many bought by hardware tinkerers to add to their computers.

The older drives may not like to write to the innermost tracks for example. Or they may spoil disks easily during normal operation; or be out of alignment and make saves to disks that a drive with a normally aligned head can't read. Result, you cannot swap disks with them.

Similar alignment incompatabilities may plague cassette use. Some of the older computers that use cassettes have the peculiarity of needing a fresh cassette to store programs on (rather than a merely erased cassette).

So using one of these older computers may be a problem unless you are a born tinkerer. A more expensive solution is to fix it by simply replacing the disk drive or cassette unit by a brand new one. You may have to ask around a user group to find someone to do it, or to source a suitable unit in the case of some makes and models.

These problems will be something that older users will be familiar with so that we will not dicuss these points here. The problems often have been covered in old user group newsletters and old magazines for the make of computer you have.

However new problems are arising. Some disks that are being sold now work perfectly alright with the newer computers but not with the older ones. It seems that the operating systems of newer computers are often better able to cope with small imperfections on the disks. For example, if a disk has a fault on the track that the directory is located on, this may not bother a computer that uses an operating system that puts two directories or file tables (FATS) on the disk, so even if one directory is impaired by a bad magnetic fault, the other which is a duplicate copy will be alright.

If the operating system on your computer only looks at one of the copies of the directory track info, or only writes info to one of them anyway, then you may have a problem with a cheaper floppy disk that a newer computer may not notice at all. This would seem to be the case with some disks used even in IBM-compatable computers running in MS DOS versions earlier than 2 compared to those running versions numbered 2 or higher.

Any computer of an older vintage that uses track 0 for its directory info may have the same problem since the older operating systems rarely made duplicate copies of the directory information on each floppy disk. But the computers, or operating systems used by some computers, that put the directory tables on other tracks (track 18 for Commodore 64, track 17 for Radio Shack Color Computer BASIC 0/S disks) may encounter this problem if the flaw turns up on their directory track. So if you take the disks back to the store and the sales or service personnel cannot find any problem when they use the disks in their computers that does not prove that there is something wrong with your computer or that nothing is wrong with the disks.

For my own use of older computers, sticking with brands of known quality like BASF has become my current practice. The bad disks will probably run on an IBM PC clone with MS DOS version 2 or higher so you can save them for that use.

SINC-LINK

Something similar seems to affect modem use with older modems that run at slower speeds. Some areas have telephone systems so poor that a lot of errors get into transmissions. Newer software can often handle this and since moderm modems run at much faster speeds, the software has time to let the modem program writers add extra routines to re-transmit blocks, etc.

Older software used with older computers may not have this. But running a faster modem, with software that cannot cope with errors of a noisy line may just make the problem worse, since higher speeds are harder to run on bad lines.

Using a better quality modem may help. Some hardware hackers have tried filters with mixed success. Some amateurs may also have forgottrn that acoustic coupled modems are not good for long transmissions with phones that use the old 'carbon microphones. Newer units that use electret mics inside may fix that problem. This all means that user groups are still needed to swap tips and fixes on these older, classic, home computers.

slightly edited by GFC

************************ -3 J.

Lightweight materials bring cycling to softies

HE eclectic inventor Clive Sinclair last week unveiled his liilesi cfealion; an electric bicycle called (he Zike. As light as a racing bike and with a top motoring speed of 19 kilometres per hour (12 miles per hour), Sinclair hopes it will appeal to those who find pedalling too energetic.

Sinclair's inventions almost always break new ground but have had varied commercial success. He produced some of the earliest electronic watches, pocket calculators, per- sonal computers and flat-screen TVs. But his most recent previous brainchild, an electric tricycle called the C5, resoundly flopped when launched in 1985.

Lightness is the key to Sinclair's bike. Legislation passed in Britain in 1983 lets anyone over 14 ride electric bicycles with- out a licence, tax or insurance, as long as

New Scientist 14 March 1992

its speed is limited to 15 miles per hour (24 km/h). Sinclair says that his company, among others, investigated making an elec- tric cycle at the time but the technology did not exist lo make it light enough.

More recently, Sinclair says, improve- ments in nickel-cadmium batteries, the type used in portable phones and laptop comput- ers, has made them cheaper and lighter. The Zike has a nickel-cadmium battery inside its central bar which is half the weight of its equivalent lead-acid battery. Recharging with a separate unit takes one hour, rather than the usual eight, and can be done 2000 times.

The battery is connected to the motor through an electronic controller. This feeds to the motor whatever voltage is nec- essary for the conditions and is sufficiently wide ranging that the Zike needs no gears. For the motor, also enclosed in the central bar, Sinclair dispensed with conventional compact electric motors that rely on ferrite permanent mag- nets. Instead he opted for a motor using magnets made from an alloy of neodymium. iron and boron. This type of permanent magnet was in- vented in Japan in 1983. This reduces the magnet's weight to 850 grams, from a typical 3 kilograms.

The frame of the bike is made from aluminium alloy and a com- posite of glass fibre and nylon called Verton developed by ICL The result is as light as a typical racing bike at 11 kilograms. Sinclair hopes to have it on sale in May at a cost of £499.

Daniel Clery

SINC-LINK

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SINC-LINK

TRANSFERRING Z-88 FILES TO THE 2068

by John J. Shepard

I got my Z-88 so I could have a truly portable computer. Not a 2068 or a 1000 in a suitcase, but a real notebook, at a price that was affordable. I wanted a Sinclair product on which I could continue my efforts while on the road on my Job. maybe use it as an enhancement to my job. (That has worked out). So, I appealed to the Timex community through N/L. I used my local (HA! I'm in Iowa, local is Chicago) UG - CATUG & it's N/L 'NITE TIMES NEWS' and T/SNUG's N/L 'SIR CLIVE'. I was answered with not one, but five offers, and one was within my price range and worked. This was how I met Dave Bennet (more on him, later), but he told me of the seller who was selling it for a friend and even with this kind of third party relationship she took my personal check, packaged it up with bubble wrap, PC Link, a power supply, and fresh batteries. Isn't this a great group we're In??! Now with batteries in their slot, a rechargable set from Lee at Macro Systems, Salt Lake City, Utah and the Realistic Power supply my memory is almost non-volatile.

My only problem was how to archive my files. I don't have a PC, Mac, or QL so the Link SW Is out, nor did I want to support them anyway. I couldn't afford the $450 disk drive that is offered by Domino Cubes. What I wanted to do was typically something no one seemed to be doing - using what I had - a 2068. There seemed to be no easy road. There is not an Import-Export pgm avail, for the 2068 nor is there a serial hardware/software pkg readily available. Oh sure, if you've got a Z I/O IF or a 2050 PCB - you can hack one out, - so you might have the hdw, but the SW?????

So, when Frank Davis and then Dave Bennet mentioned a null modem, they really had my interest. Especially, since this type of transfer could help me get around the need for a serial to parallel converter needed to print straight from the Z-88. They are expensive, about $100, this may not be

much to you, but with 5 children and a middle income, you have an idea of my budget constraints. It also makes me mad when someone asks so much for something that is so simple. Back to the null modem, where if I understand it correctly, you cross the Recieve and Transmit wires and use a modem pgm. without a modem. Probably, not real accurate but as close as any user who's out in the sticks without a UG to go across the street and compare notes.

So, as I was searching, Dave Bennet, came to my rescue and suggested I could somehow use Z-88C0M (a Z-88 modem pgm.) and a BBS on the 2068. Here I must tell you that without Dave Bennet I would be using my Z-88 for a doorstop, not my Z-81. Dave bent over backwards trying to help this Ignoramus deal with his failings. Dave's first contact with me & my 88 was to send me a PC disk full of 88 pgms and utilities that could be had as soon as I discovered the diff. between a 286 and 386 based PC. Talk about incompatibility, Tlmex/Sinclalr machines have got nothing on IBM, right HAL? (But no matter how much you love our machines, let me tell you If you're to get along in the outside world you had better get PC smart. Sort of like, if you're in a foreign country, the ability to read, write and speak their language puts you on much firmer footing than if you're working through an interperter). I have called Dave time and time again, written many stupid questions and even borrowed equipment, me a perfect stranger, but a fellow Slnclairest In trouble- The same can be said of Bob Swoger who has listened many times to my whinnings, much to the dismay of his lovely wife, Annette, but there has been light at the end of the tunnel. Not as bright as I would like, but close.

I can transfer files. I can archive them on disk with my LKDOS 2068. But, if my Z-88 crashes it's modem program I haven't figured how to get it back from the 2068, with no readily, recognizable or operable transfer pgm., method, SW. So, until! I can, I'll use an EPROM cartridge to store the modem SW. The only source, for the EPROM I found, is Domino Cubes, (212-971-0368) X Mike Fink.

The phone line connection is not a straight wire. I could not get the Hayes compatible modem for the Z-88 to call without a dial

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tone to start It off. Or, the same for the 2050, I could have done as John Bell suggested in TDM 5.1 (Boy, was 5.1 hard to conne by. Huh?). He says, by soldering a push button Normally Open switch across pins 4 & 7 of the 74C00 iC, you can simulate an incoming call. Now, Pm not above a little hardware hacking, but my 2068 has enough loose wires connected to it, So, if I can bypass hacking, I will. Therefore, the following methods- Take a phone line from the Hayes and one from the 2050 and plug them both into one of those phone jack modules that lets you plug two into one. Then, you have to get house hold security to break the fingers of any teenager or otherwise who dares to pick up any other phone during your transfer. Next we'll set up the Z-88. When it's on, set the parameters first, (no adjustment later, as you can with MTERM)on the Panel ([] S) to 300 BAUD - RECIEVE & TRANSMIT, Parity - NONE, XON/XOFF - No. (It then matches your 2050). That "[T*. (left and right bracket) Is to symbolize the square symbol on the Z-88 keyboard where [] S will get you to the Z-88 Panel. With your parameters set, LOAD Z-88C0M.BAS into BASIC and RUN, after the M/C is LOADed, the menu will come up.

!0n the LKDOS 2068 LOAD MAXCOM and set It up to AUTO ANSWER as a BBS as pointed out in the Manual, Bob Swoger or I can help, (sorry, Bob) If you have any questions.

Once It'set, go to the Z88C0M menu and press 6, this will take you to the V-52 terminal where you can access the Hayes modem with an ATDTXXX-XXXX where the X's are your phone number, the ATD tells the modem you want to dial a number and the second T says it will be a tone rather than a pulse. Some of you may find this all rudimentary, but I had no idea that these Hayes Commands were a standard, maybe someone else won't know either.

Anyway, when you dial your own number you will, of course, get a busy signal, (but you will have also entered the 2050's 74C00 IC), after the busy sig press ENTER on your Z-88, when the terminal resonds and waits, type ATA - ENTER. This will send a modem carrier. If you have done It quick enough, (during the time the 2050 sends it's carrier before it times out).

you'll get a connect. When you do, ENTER the BBS staying with the Z-88 keyboard as the caller. When the Command Menu pauses at the prompt, choose Upload a pgm with a U. It will ask you for the file's name with an LKDOS extension, ie., X.CT where X can be the name of your Z-88 file or any name you want to call it. Then it will ask if you want Headers - say Yes with a Y and will go to Recieve. Now get out of the V-52 Terminal by keying [] B for Basic to get to the Z88C0M menu where you'll press S to SEND a file, the SEND menu asks for the name of the file you have in the RAM, pre-selected by the Panel parameters, that you wish to SEND, the pgm will tell how many blocks are to be sent and you're off. (The number of blocks will, with experience, tell you how long the transfer will take - at 300 BAUD about 4.5 sees per block). Using XMODEM there can be no glitches to corrupt your transfer. A good block transfer is indicated by a "+" appearing on your monitor, while a glitch (usually caused by any extraneous noise on the line) is indicated by a If a block transfer has been corrupted by some problem, XMODEM will reattempt the transfer till it's good. If you get a string of "-" then maybe you should break the connect and clean up your signal. You can hear this either with the speaker on your modem or over a phone. Usually a wiggle of a connector will clean up the signaL While I've used this method, since you have a "captive, dedicated" phone line (except for teenagers" it has gone error free. When the file is transferred, MAXCOM will SAVE it, on disk selected by It's menu, to the file you named, then say BYE at the prompt and you're home free.

Or as Bob Swoger says, ENJOY!

TEVIEXERS CAN SURVIVE WITH HELP

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SOFERBASIC RMBLINGS by A. Pywell. PART THREE Page 1

(copyright reserved)

Many thanks to few people who eventually got around to writing to me. Your encouragement and a couple of 'ah yes buts...' are appreciated.

It's encouraging to know a tiny percentage of fellow members are (is?) not suffering from terminal apathy

Also appreciated were the suggestions for alternative Friday night activities but as these had nothing to do with the QL I won't repeat them here

The 'ah yes buts:-'

1. Inkey$ won't work if another job closes the channel. If you need this article then you probably don't multitask yet anyway, but bear it in mind. I didn't think this had any relevance in an article for beginners.

2. A timed PAUSE will end prematurely if you press a key. I forgot to mention this. Thanks Phil, for reminding me. It's a useful feature in my view.

THE LAST on INSTR;

We have seen how INSTR detects the presence of one string inside another. It does a little more than this. As dear old QL runs along the larger string looking for the smaller he counts characters as he goes, so, i£ he finds the string, he knows exactly where the smaller string is. For example:-

PRINT -PYW" INSTR "ALAN PYWELL" would print "6" because the P of PYW is the 6th character in my name. The trouble with QL is that he is extremely forgetful at times. No sooner has he printed "6" than he forgets all about it. If you ask him again he would have to work it all out again. The remedy is to tell QL to reserve some memory and store the answer there. He'll forget what he stored but he won't forget where he stored it, so he will always know where to look for the answer. To help we give the storage location a name, but we do not refer to it as a storage location, because we don't care where it is, we care only for what's stored there. So we call it a variable'

LOCATION = "PYW" INSTR "ALAN PYWELL". Location has the value of 6. it is possible for LOCATION to have a value of zero.

LOCATION = "PYW" INSTR "PHIL BORMAN" Location is set to zero because, surpr^ise, surprise, QL can't find "PYW"! LOCATION is, as you've gathered by now, a variable. Sometimes it is not necessary to use a variable. -. we don't always need QL to remember long-term whether a substring is in a larger string, or where it is if it's there. A case in point is the example we saw in a previous article, where we wanted to detect whether an allowed key had been pressed. Once QL has decided, he can safely forget all about it, so there is no need to assign the result of INSTR to a variable.